Stories revolving around scientific and technical consistency were written as early as the 1870s with the publication of Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea in 1870, among other stories. Science fiction critic Gary Westfahl argues that neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy instead they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful. The term is formed by analogy to the popular distinction between the "hard" ( natural) and "soft" ( social) sciences, although there are examples generally considered as “hard” SF, such as Isaac Asimov’s Foundation series, built on mathematical sociology. The complementary term soft science fiction, formed by analogy to hard science fiction, first appeared in the late 1970s. Campbell's Islands of Space in the November issue of Astounding Science Fiction. The term was first used in print in 1957 by P. Hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by concern for scientific accuracy and logic. Poul Anderson, author of Tau Zero, Kyrie and others.
Clarke, one of the most significant writers of hard science fiction.
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